外科抗菌药的预防

1. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy differs from presumptive and
therapeutic antibiotic therapy in that the latter two involve treat-
ment regimens for documented or presumed infections, where-as the goal of prophylactic therapy is to prevent infections in
high-risk patients or procedures.
预防的抗菌药治疗与假定的和治疗学的抗菌治疗不同，后两者涉及证明的或假定的感染的治疗用药，然而，预防治疗的目的是预防高风险患者或操作的风险。
2. The risk of a surgical site infection (SSI) is determined from
both the type of surgery and patient-specific risk factors; how-
ever, most commonly used classification systems account for
only procedure-related risk factors
手术部位感染（SSI）的风险决定于手术的种类和特殊患者的风险因素；然而，最常使用的分类系统仅说明操作有关的风险因素。
3. Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis is of paramount impor-tance. Antibiotics should be administered within 1 hour before
surgery to ensure adequate drug levels at the surgical site prior to the initial incision.
抗菌药预防的时间是至关重要的。抗菌药应在术前1h使用，以确保在开始切口前手术部位足够的药物浓度。
4. Antimicrobial agents with short half-lives (e.g., cefazolin) may re-quire intraoperative redosing during long (>3 hours) procedures.
短半衰期的抗菌药（例如头孢唑啉）在长时间（>3h）操作可能需要手术中再一次给药。
5. The type of surgery, intrinsic patient risk factors, most common-
ly identified pathogenic organisms, institutional antimicrobial
resistance patterns, and cost must be considered when choos-
ing an antimicrobial agent for prophylaxis.
当选择抗菌药预防时，必须考虑手术的类型，内在的患者风险因素，最常见的鉴定的病原菌，机构的抗菌药耐药模式以及费用。
6. Single-dose prophylaxis is appropriate for many types of sur-
gery. First-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin) are the
mainstay for prophylaxis in most surgical procedures because
of their spectrum of activity, safety, and cost.
对许多种手术使用单一剂量预防时适宜的。因为它们的抗菌谱活性、安全性和费用，一代头孢（例如头孢唑啉）是大多数手术操作的主要预防用药。
7. Vancomycin as a prophylactic agent should be limited to pa-
tients with a documented history of life-threatening β-lactam
hypersensitivity or patients in whom the incidence of infections
with organisms resistant to cefazolin (e.g., methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus) is high enough to justify use.
万古霉素作为预防用药，仅限于患者有确切的危及生命的β-内酰胺过敏史，或证实患者耐头孢唑啉的微生物（例如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA）发生率高
英文来自Pharmacotherapy：A Pathophysiologic Approach，Seventh Edition。请批评我的翻译。